John F. Enders, Ph.D.
Brief Bio
John Franklin Enders's route to immunology was more circuitous than those taken by most immunologists. The son of a banker, Enders was born in West Hartford, Connecticut, on February 10, 1897, and had little exposure to science during his early years. In 1915, he enrolled at Yale but left in 1917 to enlist in the Navy. He served as a flight instructor in the Naval Flying Corps during the First World War and afterward returned to Yale, receiving his A.B. in English in 1919. He spent two years working in real estate, a business he found dull, before enrolling in graduate school at Harvard to study English literature. He completed his M.A. in 1922 and began his Ph.D. studies but could not settle on a dissertation topic. His roommate at the time, Hugh Kingsley Ward, who later became professor of bacteriology at the University of Sydney, introduced him to
Hans Zinsser (AAI '17, president 1919–20), the head of the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology at Harvard Medical School. Fascinated by the opportunities that microbiology opened to him, Enders abandoned his English studies in 1927 to study under Zinsser. He earned his Ph.D. in 1930.
After completing his degree, Enders joined the bacteriology faculty at Harvard Medical School, where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1946, he established the Infectious Disease Research Laboratory at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. It was at this laboratory that Enders, Weller, and Robbins carried out the experiments that led to their discovery. Although he officially retired in 1967 at the age of 70, Enders continued his teaching and research at Harvard and the Children's Hospital for another ten years.
Enders died in Waterford, Connecticut, on September 8, 1985, at the age of 88.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1954, with
Thomas H. Weller (AAI '52) and
Frederick C. Robbins (AAI '52) “for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.”
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Lasker Award
1954 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award “for his achievements in the cultivation of the viruses of poliomyelitis, mumps and measles.”
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AAI Service History
Joined: 1936
President: 1952–1953
Vice President: 1951–1952
Councillor: 1950–1951
ex officio: 1942–1946
The Journal of Immunology
Associate Editor: 1941–1943
Editorial Board: 1943–1958
Other Service
AAI Representative to the American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1968–1970
Nobel Prize in Science
John F. Enders was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Thomas H. Weller (AAI '52) and Frederick C. Robbins (AAI '52) "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue." Before this discovery, scientists had been able to grow polio virus only in the nervous tissue of susceptible laboratory animals, commonly monkeys, in a painstaking process that yielded minute quantities of the virus. The work of Enders, Weller, and Robbins had the tremendous practical effect of enabling scientists to prepare large amounts of polio virus, making possible the mass production of the Salk killed-virus vaccine and later, the Sabin live-virus vaccine. The impact of their work, however, was not limited to the study of polio. Their culture technique gave researchers an invaluable tool for the study of other viruses; made viral research much less laborious, time-consuming, and costly; and sparked revolutionary progress in the field.
After studying pneumococcus and other pathogenic bacteria for nearly one decade, Enders turned his attention to virology in 1939. He practiced and refined various tissue culture techniques throughout the 1940s while studying the mumps virus before applying these same techniques to the study of polio. As Weller and Robbins later recalled, Enders was "never one to rest on his laurels." After successfully cultivating the polio virus, he isolated the virus that causes measles and developed a live-virus measles vaccine. He later wrote that this work on measles gave him more satisfaction and was more socially significant than his work on polio. From 1959 to 1976, Enders studied virus-host relationships and viral oncogenesis, during what Wellers and Robbins recognize as "the final segment of a magnificently productive investigative career."
In a 1961 issue of TIME that featured Enders on the cover, the editors wrote that he was "by virtue of temperament and academic qualifications, one of the deepest thinkers in virology. A philosopher of natural science, his contributions have been long-leap deductions and intuitions that guide other men's research, hypotheses that bypass a thousand experiments."
Awards and Honors
- Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1946
- Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1953
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1954
- Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, 1954
- Member, American Philosophical Society, 1955
- Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1963
- Robert Koch Prize, 1963
- Scientific Achievement Award, American Medical Association, 1963
Institutional/Biographical Links